Explanation: Nativized English (also called New Englishes) refers to varieties of English that have developed in different regions, incorporating features from local languages and cultures, and are used as a first or primary language by communities (e.g., Singaporean English, Malaysian English, Indian English). A lingua franca is a common language used between speakers of different native languages. Pidgin English is a simplified language used for basic communication. A sociolect is a variety of language associated with a particular social group.

Explanation: Sociolinguistic competence involves understanding and using language appropriately in different social and cultural contexts, which matches the description given in the question. Strategic competence is about using communication strategies to overcome difficulties. Grammatical competence relates to knowledge of sentence structure, and structural competence is not a standard term used in this context.

Explanation: The correct word order for this question should be "Can you tell me what time it is?" The student incorrectly inverted the subject and verb within the embedded question clause. The error is not specifically about relative pronouns, subject-verb agreement, or modals.

Explanation: The difficulty arises from the fact that English spelling is not always phonetically consistent. Words like "cough," "through," and "laugh" demonstrate inconsistencies in how letter combinations map to sounds, making them challenging for learners. False cognates are words that look similar in two languages but have different meanings. Sight words are high-frequency words often memorized by sight. Inflectional morphemes are grammatical endings like -ed or -s.

Explanation: The speaker says "some student" which sounds like "some th-student" or has difficulty clearly producing the initial 's' sound in 'student' or 'something'. Focusing on initial S would help clarify this sound. Initial H, final T, and final N are not the primary sounds needing focus in this excerpt.