Praxis 5857
Question 1 of 5.
According to Erik Erikson, psychosocial development of humans occurs in stages. Place each of the following examples of a behavior with the stage of development at which it is most likely to occur. Relying on the primary caregiver for consistent, predictable, and reliable care; Feeling the need to win the approval of peers and teachers by demonstrating specific competencies and skills; Beginning to plan activities, make up games, and feel secure in leading playmates and making decisions; Beginning to explore lifestyles and participate in a variety of societal activities such as work, sports, and clubs.
- A. Trust Versus Mistrust: Relying on the primary caregiver for consistent, predictable, and reliable care
- B. Initiative Versus Guilt: Beginning to plan activities, make up games, and feel secure in leading playmates and making decisions
- C. Industry Versus Inferiority: Feeling the need to win the approval of peers and teachers by demonstrating specific competencies and skills
- D. Identity Versus Role Confusion: Beginning to explore lifestyles and participate in a variety of societal activities such as work, sports, and clubs
- A. Trust Versus Mistrust: Relying on the primary caregiver for consistent, predictable, and reliable care
- B. Initiative Versus Guilt: Beginning to plan activities, make up games, and feel secure in leading playmates and making decisions
- C. Industry Versus Inferiority: Feeling the need to win the approval of peers and teachers by demonstrating specific competencies and skills
- D. Identity Versus Role Confusion: Beginning to explore lifestyles and participate in a variety of societal activities such as work, sports, and clubs
Correct arrangement
Explanation: Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development proposes a series of stages, each characterized by a core conflict or task. Trust Versus Mistrust (choice A) occurs in infancy, where consistent care from a primary caregiver leads to a sense of trust. Initiative Versus Guilt (choice B) occurs in the preschool years, where children begin to assert control and plan activities. Industry Versus Inferiority (choice C) occurs in elementary school, focusing on developing competencies and seeking approval from peers and teachers. Identity Versus Role Confusion (choice D) is characteristic of adolescence, where individuals explore their identity and roles in society.
Question 2 of 5.
Listing possible solutions to problems and the consequences of behavior are steps most closely associated with the teaching of which of the following social skills?
A. Refusal
B. Goal setting
C. Decision making
D. Negotiation
Explanation: The process of listing possible solutions and evaluating the consequences of behavior is a fundamental component of 'decision making' (choice C). This systematic approach helps individuals weigh options and choose the most appropriate course of action. Refusal skills (choice A) involve strategies to decline peer pressure. Goal setting (choice B) involves identifying objectives and planning steps to achieve them. Negotiation (choice D) involves finding mutually acceptable solutions in a conflict. While elements of these skills might involve some level of decision-making, choice C directly encompasses the specified steps.
Question 3 of 5.
Which of the following health education standards represents the highest level of health literacy?
A. Self-management
B. Interpersonal communication
C. Understanding core concepts
D. Accessing information
Explanation: Health literacy involves the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. 'Self-management' (choice A) represents the highest level because it involves applying health knowledge and skills to make personal decisions and take action to promote one's own health and well-being. Understanding core concepts (choice C) and accessing information (choice D) are foundational components of health literacy. Interpersonal communication (choice B) is a skill used to obtain or share information, but self-management integrates all these components into actionable behavior.
Question 4 of 5.
Rohypnol, GHB, ketamine, and alcohol have all been associated to which of the following?
A. Sexual assault
B. Motor vehicle accidents
C. Suicide
D. Gang initiations
Explanation: Rohypnol, GHB, and ketamine are known as 'date rape drugs' because they can incapacitate victims, making them vulnerable to 'sexual assault' (choice A). Alcohol, while not a date rape drug, can also impair judgment and lower inhibitions, making individuals more susceptible to sexual assault. While these substances can also contribute to motor vehicle accidents (choice B), and alcohol abuse is linked to suicide (choice C) and gang violence (choice D), their common association as a group (especially the first three) is with facilitating sexual assault.
Question 5 of 5.
The fight-or-flight response occurs when which of the following is triggered as a person perceives a real or imaginary stressor?
A. Integumentary system
B. Lymphatic system
C. Autonomic nervous system
D. Muscular system
Explanation: The fight-or-flight response is primarily mediated by the 'autonomic nervous system' (choice C), specifically its sympathetic branch. When a stressor is perceived, the sympathetic nervous system rapidly activates, releasing hormones like adrenaline and noradrenaline, which prepare the body for immediate action (increased heart rate, breathing, blood flow to muscles). The integumentary system (choice A) relates to skin, hair, and nails. The lymphatic system (choice B) is part of the immune system. The muscular system (choice D) is directly involved in the physical actions of fight or flight, but its activation is controlled by the autonomic nervous system.
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